Vakyarimata:Standardizuyimi Romani qhib (Selahetin Kruezi)
E Rayo Selahetinesko gand
editisarPhralalen thay Phenyalen,
Sar ajukaryum kotar rayo Pathaniya andar Indiya te hraminol Romane odova so hramindoy pi anglikani qhib, kote mangela te peravel mi buti vash Standardizuyimi Romani Qhib,biqhalav akava lil te dikhen sare so amare Roma numay dikhena te pelaren vay te tiknyaren sakase ko hraminela shukar butya vash Roma numay odoleske so nani olengo anav ani edeya buti. Jik amen na respektina korkori amende ma te ajukera so odova ka keren o gaje.
May anglal biqhalav yekh kotor e lilesko kotar o rayo Pathaniya, kova korkoro phenela so amen o roma shay te kere kontakti romane a na gajikane.Vi so si gramatikane dosha biqhalav tumenge orginali.
PATHANIA: Phrala! Akana tu shai-te dikhes tut sar e Romani-chibasa ame sa e themenge Roma shai-te keras kontakta jek-averesa te nashti-ka keras kontakta lokes e Ga3ikania chibansa.
Vash odova so kerela dosha ko hramipa, vi Ov korkoro janela thay odoleske na hraminela kritike pi romani qhib. Yekh e lilenda so ov mangela yertisaripa amende vash oleske dosha si vi akava lil kova mothavela o qaqipa.
PATHANIA: Phrala! Me mangav ke tu pal-pale/again & again bichal man romani lil, me ka parikerav tuke! Te varekai ani mero liloro me kerdem bi3anles dosh/greshka/mistake otoska tu afiker man.
Akana puqav Tumen phralalen, asavko yekh "rom" sar ka kurrel amari qhib standardizuyimi? Mukhav murro karr tumende te gandinen hari murri midz thay te den tumaro pratsav.
Akana te jaglarav Tumende so miri buti thay moro hramipa si odova qaqek so manglape te ovel ko roma, soske korkoro o rayo Pathaniya kerya kodifikaciya miri qhib (vakaripa-hramipa) thay Indiyaki "romani" qhib thay ka dikhen so may but 90% o alava si yekh.Te sine so me arakhlum sistemi sar te kerav Standardizuyimi Romani qhib kotar mere lokalune diyalektya ,sar phenela o Rayo Pathaniya, thay ano odova lokali, sar ka dikhen si vi e Indiya, edeya var me palikerav e Devleske so denyama asavki godi te arakhav o qaqipa. O matriyali ano ataqmanti muthavela e rayo Pathaniasko gandipa vash mere pustika.
Te sine yekh Rom, sar me, kova barilo ani Evropa, vakarla agyahar sar vakarena o "Roma" ani Indiya, edeya var soske o rayo Pathania dela kritika?
Me vi ani miri pustik hraminava :"Ma te himinenpe o lokalizmya e diyalektyensa thay ma te kerelpe i qhib kotar diyalektya, diket kotar yekh yekhutni Romani gramatika." Te na respektinyape akava, amen nani te thera yekh yekhutni Standardizuyimi Romani qhib.
Me pale akharav sa e romen, ma dikhen ko hraminya i pustik "Standardizuyimi Romani Qhib", thay ma dikhen kozom-sode - jene hraminde ola, numay dikhen so hraminela ani pustik thay mukhen o diyalektya ani rig thay arakhen o qaqipa. I Standardizuyimi Romani qhib si sa e Romengi qhib a na numay yekha grupaki. Phralalen den kritika vash o hramipa a na mange sar personi.Tumen shay te na kamen mande numay respektinen o Romano qaqipa.
14 panjtonai 2008 16:02 (UTC)
E Rayo Pathaniyasko gand vash Rayo Selahetineske pustika
editisarAnglezikanes
editisarDear Roma Brothers and Sisters ! I am surprised to read the "Standardised Romani chib" of Mr. Selahetin Kruezi. I would like to ask the author mr Kruezi with which "Standard-Kausoti/standard-measurement" he has standardized his local Romani dialect into a world standard Romani language/chib. I am shocked to observe his sub-standard Romani vocabulary as well as his sub-standard Romani language Grammar rules for the standard international Romani-language.
Since the roots of European Romani dialects are in most of the north-Indian languages and dialects. Therefore "Romani" language's standardization has got to be done by examining various northern-Indian languages and dialects.
I have studied for years altogether various Romani dialects of west-Asia and Europe and compared them with the the Indian languages and dialects and found the Romani "vocabulary" and "Grammar" still intact in almost four hundred north-Indian languages and dialects scattered all over the north-India, where the 'Romani-chib" is still hidden and hibernating.
Please note it that I have found more than 95 percent of Romani vocabulary and Grammar among the various north-Indian languages and dialects and not all "Romani" in one particular language.
Although Some of the selfish writers for their own selfish purposes have tried to fool the people by saying that "Romani" is the off shoot of one particular north-Indian regional language of India but it is not true.
Therefore I would request mr. Kruezi to come and wander in whole north-India for some years and study the various languages and dialects of India and search "Romani" in them and then form a true Standard Antarashtri / international "Saanji Romani Chib" / Common-Romani-Language.
I feel sxtremely sad and dejected to see that some of the so to say "Romani-writers" have exploited the name of poor "Roma" and their mother tongue "Romani" just for making quick money, name, fame and merry-making and nothing else.
And such fake writers have been very cruel and did a great injustice with "ROMA" and their mother tongue "ROMANI". We should be beware of them.
In the end I request to all the writers that they shoud be kind to 'Roma' and "Romani" and do justice with them by doing true work on them.
Ko agor me mangav tumenge sa Sastipe te Baxt ! Mukav tumenge e Devalesa ! Tumaro chacho Phral taro INDIA, JANARDHAN PATHANIA. e-mail <pathania33@yahoo.com>
8 panjtonai 2008 18:32 (UTC)
Romanes
editisarSubjekto: Komparasia mashkar e Danimarkaki Romani-Chib te i antarashtri / International / Saanji-Romani-Cib.
Pativale Romalen !
Kai me vaach-lem [skt,hnd]/ parh-lem / drbardem / e Pativalo phral S.Krueziake e Danimarakaki dui romani pustikange :
(i)Siklova Haramipe Thay Drabaripe .
(ii)Matematika- 1 Vash Funduni Shkola.
Te me dikhlem kai si but pasharipe mashkar e Danimarakaki Romani-chib te e meri antarashtri Saanji-Romani-Bhasha.
Kintu [skt,hnd] / ama [per,hnd]/ ali, vali [arb] / numai [gaj] / nai amen but fark [trk,hnd] / diferensiya / mashkar amaria e dui romani chibande.
Te tume sa e duniyake [per,hnd,rom] / lumniyake / phuveske / Roma shai-te dikhen tumen kitni [skt,hnd,rom] / keti [hnd,rom] / kobar [hnd,rom] / kozom[gaj] / si pasharipe mashkar e tumari Danimarakaki Romani te e meri Indiaki Saanji-Romani cibande.
Me sim but loshalo kai phral S.Kruezi zorales kerda jek mai-lachhi buti te lekhda / ramosarda / chhinda / haramisarda / pisda / e dui romani- pustikange. Te adasar vo arakhda e Romani cibaki phabardi te dudardi momeliake e mudaripenestar.
E Indo-Romani Chibango Komparasiya
editisar1.Danimarakaki-Romani-Cib = D-R-Cib.
2.Antarashtri Saanji-Romani-Cib = S-R-Cib.
e Danimarakaki-Romani-Chib = DRC / drc . e Saanji-Romani-Bhasha / Chib = SRB / srb . e Ingleski-chib / English = ENG / eng .
SRB : sa e Saanji romani chibake alava si e nile / bolde / vunate / blue / rang-eske [skt,pkt,per,rom] / renk, boya, kolor [gaj] / alava.
Te akava tume sa e Roma dikh shak-en / shai-te dikhen / tumen andar e mere romani lekh-este / artiklo-ste /, te ka janen kitni / kobar si pasharipe mashkar e Indiaki Saanji-Romani-Bhasha / Cib / te e Danimarkaki Romani chibande .
DRC = drc. / SRB = srb. / ENG = eng.
akhor / akhor [hnd,rom] = walnut.
aqh-, achh- / achh- [hnd,rom] = to stop.
aqhilo / achhilo [hnd,rom] = stoped.
akhar- / akhar- [hnd,rom] = to call.
alfabeto / akshar [skt,hnd], alphabeto [gaj,hnd,rom] = letter, alphabet.
alav / alav [pkt,hnd,rom] , shabd [skt,hnd] = word.
? / vakiyo [skt, pkt,hnd] = sentence.
alavri / alavri, shabd-kosh [skt,hnd] = dictionary.
agor / agor [hnd,rom] = in the far end.
ajuker- / ajuker- [hnd,rom] = to wait.
amal / amal [arb,hnd,rom], yaar, dost, mitr [skt,per,hnd,rom]= friend.
amuni / nakoi, nakavni, nihai [hnd] = anvil.
ambrol / ambrol [per,hnd,rom] = pear.
ame / ame [hnd,rom] = we.
amaro / amaro [hnd,rom] = our.
anglo / anglo [hnd,rom] = frontal, before.
anglal / anglal [hnd,rom] = from front, before.
an- / an- [hnd,rom] = to bring.
angushtri / angushtri [per,hnd,rom] = ring.
andar / andar [hnd,rom],andre, ande, ano, ani, an = in, inside.
angune / ungli [hnd], angusht [per,hnd,rom] = finger.
aplkonl / aplikar-el [gaj,hnd,rom] = he applies.
astar- / astar- [gaj,rom,srb] = to catch, hold.
asva / asva [hnd,rom] = tears.
arakh- / arakh- , rakh-[hnd,rom] = to guard.
akhar- / akhar-, pukar- [hnd,rom] = to call loudly.
as- / as- [hnd,rom] = to laugh.
auto-bus / auto-bus [gaj,hnd, rom] = auto-bus
av- / av- [hnd,rom] = to come.
avaz / avaz [per,hnd,rom], glaso [gaj] = sound, voice.
aver / aver [hnd,rom] = another.
avdive / avdive, avdives [hnd,rom] = today.
bal / baal [hnd,rom] = hair.
bal [rom] / bal [skt,hnd,rom] = strength.
badaly / badali, badal, megh [skt,hnd,rom] = cloud.
bango / bango [pkt,hnd,rom]= bent, crooked.
banana / banano [gaj,rom, srb], kelo [hnd] = banana.
baro / baro [hnd,rom] = big.
bashno / bashno [skt,hnd,rom], kokosh, kukar [skt,hnd] = rooser.
baht, baxt, / baxt [arb,per,trk,hnd,rom] = luck, fortune.
bibaht / bibaxt [arb,per,trk,hnd,rom] = bad-luck.
barvalo / barvalo [rom, srb] = rich.
barvalo haben / baro xabo [hnd,rom,] = big feast.
barvalipe / barvalipe [hnd,rom] = richness.
bashal- / bashal- [hnd,rom] = to play an instrument.
besh- / besh- [hnd,rom] = to sit.
bersh / bersh [hnd,rom] = year.
bi- / bi- [hnd,rom] = without.
biyav / biav [hnd,rom], biav, biyah, biyah = marriage.
billo / billo [hnd,rom] = male-cat.
billi, maqka, machka / billi [hnd,rom], machka = female-cat.
bistar- / bistar- [hnd,rom], bisar-[skt,hnd] = to forget.
bov / bhov, bha (fire) [hnd,rom] = stove.
bori / bori [hnd,rom], bora,borin [rom] = bride,daughter-in-law.
bori / bori, bora, borin, bohari, boari, bohu, bahu, bou [hnd] = bride,d-in-l.
bobo / bobo [gaj, rom,srb] = cobcorn, maize.
bokh / bokh [pkt,hnd,rom] = appetite.
brli / bruli , bhruli , beruli, [hnd, rom] = bee.
brako / bakro [hnd,rom] = male-sheep.
braki / bakri [hnd,rom] = female sheep.
bango petalo / bango petalo [hnd,rom] = bent horse shoe.
bular- / buxlar- [hnd,rom,srb] = to spread.
buzno / buzno [per,hnd,rom] = he-goat.
buzni / buzni [per,hnd,rom] = she-goat.
buti / buti [hnd, rom], buxi, buki, buchi, buqi, [rom] = work.
? / butiari [hnd, rom] = worker.
but / but [hnd, rom] = many, much.
qal-, chal- / qal-, chal- [hnd,rom] = to move, walk.
alar-, chalar- / qalav-, chalav- [hnd,rom] = cause to move.
qara / chara [hnd,rom] = grass.
qaro, charo / charo, charolo [hnd,rom] = bowl.
qerga / cherga, chadar [hnd,rom,srb] = tent, sheet of cloth.
qehra, chehra / chehro [arb,hnd,rom], mui [hnd,rom] = face.
qeyren / cherxen [gaj], astara [greek], taro [hnd,srb] = star.
qeri / akaash [skt,hnd], nebo [skt,hnd,rom], asmaan [per,hnd] = sky.
qib / chib [hnd,rom] = tongue.
qingar- / qingar- [hnd,rom] = to quarrel, shout.
qiv- / chiv- [rom,srb] = to place, keep.
qiriklo, chiriklo / chiriklo [hnd,rom] = bird.
qhavo,chhavo / chhavo [skt,hnd,rom] = gypsy-boy, son.
qhai, chhai / chhai [skt,hnd,rom] = gypsy-girl, daughter.
qhin-, chhin- / chhin- [pkt,hnd,rom] = to cut.
qhuri, chhuri / chhuri [skt,hnd,rom] = knife.
qhor- / chhor- [hnd,rom] = to throw, release.
qhud-, chhud- / chhud- [hnd,rom] = to throw.
qhudini / chhudini [hnd,rom,srb], kamaan [per,hnd] = bow, catapult.
qhucho, quqo, chhuchho / chhuchho [hnd,rom] = empty.
qor- / chor- [hnd,rom] = to steal.
qor / chor [hnd,rom] = thief.
qumi / chumi [hnd,rom] = a kiss.
qum- / chum- [hnd,rom] = to kiss.
quqo / chhuchho, 8u8o [hnd,rom] = empty.
qon, qhon / chon [hnd,rom] = moon
day / dai [hnd,rom] = mother.
dad / dad, dada [hnd,rom] = father.
dander- / dander- [hnd,rom] = to bite.
dand / dand, dant [skt,hnd,rom]= tooth.
dar / dar [hnd,rom] = fear, fright.
dar- / dar- [hnd,rom] = to afraid.
darav- / darav- [hnd,rom] = cause to fright.
de- /de- [skt,hnd,rom] = to give.
dendo / dindo, dino [hnd,rom] = given.
desave / desave [rom,srb] , kuchh [hnd,rom] = a few.
devl / deval [hnd,rom] = God.
dhaira / dairo , xanjri [arb,hnd,rom]= a round musical instrument.
dikh- / dikh- [hnd,rom] = to see.
dikhar- / dikhav- [hnd,rom] = to show.
diso / diso [gaj, rom,srb] = since.
dive / dive, dives [skt,hnd,rom] = day.
dive-po-dive / dive-pe-dive, dive-pal-dive [hnd,rom] = day-by-day.
dola-lin / dola, dolo [hnd,rom] = swing.
dol- / dol- [hnd,rom] = to swing.
dosh / dosh [skt,hnd,rom] = fault.
doshar- / doshar- [ skt,hnd,rom] = to make fault, allegation.
drak / drakh [skt,hnd,rom] = grape.
dudum / dudum, dudi [hnd,rom] = pumpkin.
? / chaper deni, chame deni [hnd,rom] = to slap.
dumukun / dumuko [hnd,rom], dumukar, ghunso = box, punch, fist.
? / late-dini [hnd,rom] = to kick.
________________________________________________________
dud / dud [hnd,rom] = bright, light.
? / tamlo [skt,hnd,rom] = dark.
dukh / dukh [hnd,rom]= pain, grief.
? / sukh [skt,hnd,rom,srb] = pleasure.
dur / dur [hnd,rom]= far.
dural / dural [hnd,rom]= from a far away, from distance.
duruli / murli [hnd,rom], murlo, murli furlo, furli = flute.
pashe / pashe [hnd,rom] = near.
niyam, vorta / sidho, sidhi, sidhe [hnd] = straight.
bango / bango, bangi, bange [hnd,rom] = bent, crooked.
baro / baro [hnd,rom] = big.
tikno / tikno [hnd,rom] = small, little.
buhlo / buxlo, chauro [hnd,rom] = broad, wide, wilderness.
tang / tang [hnd,rom] = narrow, tight.
thulo / thulo [hnd,rom] = thick, fat, hefty.
sano / sano [hnd,rom] = thin, slim.
pharo / pharo [hnd,rom] = heavy.
? / loko [skt,pkt,hnd,rom] = light in weight.
myazipe / ik-samaanipe [skt,hnd] = similarity.
bimyazipe / bi-samaanipe [skt,hnd] = dis-similarity.
putardo / phutardo [hnd,rom] = open.
phanlo / phandlo [hnd,rom] = closed.
? / gehro, dugo [ hnd,srb] = deep.
? / bi-gehro, bi-dugo, chhichhlo, 8i8lo [hnd,srb] = shallow.
anglal / anglal [hnd,rom] = in front.
palal / palal [hnd,rom] = at back, rear
andar / andar, ander, ande, ano, ani, an [skt,hnd,rom] = in, inside.
avri / avri [hnd,rom] = out.
upre / upre, opre [hnd,rom] = up, above.
tele / tele [hnd,rom] = down, below.
mashkar / mashkar [hnd,rom] = center, middle.
bareder / bareder [hnd,rom] = is bigger.
tikneder / tikneder [hnd,rom] = is smaller.
nukta, punkta / nukto [arb,per,trk,hnd,rom] = point.
____________________________________________________
efta / afta [hnd,rom], sapt [skt], sat [hnd], haft ( per,hnd) = 7, seven.
( hafta, afta [hnd] = week.)
elephenti / (male) hathi, fiil, (fem) hathni, fiilan [skt,hnd] = elephant.
europa / evropa [per,hnd,rom], eropa, evuropa, europa [gaj] = europe.
ezer / ezer [per, srb], hazar [per,hnd], sahasar [skt] = thousand.
fabrika / fabrika, faktori [hnd,rom,srb] = factory.
felyastra / filiastra [gaj,rom,srb], pinjra, khirki [hnd,srb] = window.
foro, shehir / shehir [arb,per,trk,hnd,rom] , foro,diz, nagari [hnd] = city.
filmi / film [gaj,hnd,rom,srb] = film.
fudbali / fudbal, futbal [gaj,hnd,rom,srb] = foot-ball.
.
gad / gad [hnd,rom], kamis , kamiz, kurto, jhago = shirt.
gav / gav [hnd,rom] = village.
gavuno / gavuno, gavutno [hnd,rom] = villager.
gazeta / gazet [gaj,hnd,rom,srb], patrika [skt,hnd,rom] = gazette,
magazine.
gelo / gelo [hnd,rom] = gone .
generaciya / generasia [gaj,hnd,rom,srb]
germo / girm, giv [hnd,rom] = wheat.
gilav-/ gilav-, gab-, gilab-, bag-,[hnd,rom] = to sing.
gili / gili [hnd,rom] = song .
gitara / gitar [gaj,hnd,rom,srb] = guitar.
gin- / gin- [skt,hnd,rom] = count.
ginutni / ginutni [hnd,rom] = a counting gadget for school children.
ginipe / ginipen [hnd,rom] = counting.
goqi, gochi / dhol , dhavlo [hnd,rom] = drum a musical instrument.
gono / gono [hnd,rom] = bag , sack.
godi / gudi [hnd,rom], godi, goji, go3i [rom] = brain.
godialo / gudialo [hnd,rom], godialo = brainy, intelligent.
grast / grast , gra [gaj,rom,srb], ghoro [hnd] = horse.
grastni, grai / grastni [gaj,rom,srb], ghori [hnd] = mare.
guruv / guruv [hnd,rom] = ox, bull.
guruvni / gov [hnd,rom], guruvni [hnd,rom], gurumni = cow.
gudlo / gudlo [hnd,rom], gulo, guglo [hnd,rom] = sweet.
gudli / gudli [hnd,rom] = sweet.
ha- / xa- [hnd,rom] = to eat.
haly- / axali- [gaj,rom,srb], vichaar- [skt,hnd] = to think.
hamal / hamaal [arb,hnd,rom,srb], kuli [hnd] = coolie.
hamalyiya / hamal [arb,hnd,rom,srb], kuli = a load carrier, coolie.
hani / xani, khani [hnd,rom] = water well.
hari-hari / holi-holi [hnd] = slowly.
harfy / haraf [arb,hnd,rom], akshar [skt,hnd], = letter.
haryalo / haro [hnd,rom], zeleno [gaj,rom] = green.
Misal : haro rukh / haro bobo / haro patr / haro cherga / haro gad.
helikopteri / helikopter [gaj,rom,hnd,srb] = helicopter.
hiv / xiv [rom,srb] = hole.
? / ij [hnd,rom] = yesterday.
ilo,yilo / illo [per,hnd,rom] yilo = heart.
irin- / iran- [gaj,rom,srb], lot- [hnd] = to return.
irinav- / iranav- [gaj, rom,srb], lotav- [hnd] = cause to eturn.
jan- / jan- [hnd,rom]= to know.
janlo / janlo [hnd,rom] = known.
jang- / jag- [hnd,rom] = to wake-up oneself.
jangav- / jagav- [hnd,rom] = cause to wake-up somebody.
jeno / jeno [hnd,rom] = a guy, a man.
jeni / jeni [hnd,rom] = a woman.
jivindo / jivdo [ hnd,rom] jivindo, jindo = alive.
jivdipe / jivipe [hnd,rom] jivdipe, juvdipe, jivundipe = life.
jov / jov [hnd,rom] = barly.
juklo, jukhol / juklo [hnd,rom] jukel, jukhel = dog .
jukli / jukli [hnd,rom] = bitch, she-dog.
juv / juv [hnd,rom] = louse.
juvli / juvli [hnd,rom] yubti [skt,hnd] = young girl.
? / juvlo [srb] yuba [skt,hnd] = young boy
kaduny / kaduni [gaj,rom,srb] = bell.
kako / kako [hnd,rom] = uncle.
kaki / kaki [hnd,om] = aunt.
kalo, kali / kalo, kali [hnd,rom] = black.
kam- / kam- [skt,hnd,rom] = to love.
kamila, deva / uunt, oont, shutar, kamil [gaj,srb]= camel.
kamioni / trak , kamion [gaj,srb] = truck.
kana / kana [srb] = when.
kangli / kangli [hnd,rom] kangi = comb.
kat / kaati [hnd,rom] katrni, = scissors .
kasht / kasht, rukh [pkt,rom] = tree.
ker- / ker- [hnd,rom] = to do.
kerdo / kerdo [hnd,rom] = done.
kermuso / muso [hnd,rom] , mushak [skt] , mush [per] = mouse.
kedipe / kidipe [hnd,rom] = collection.
kirya / (ik) kiri , (but) kiria [hnd,rom] = (sg) ant, (pl) ants .
kiral / kiral [hnd,rom] = cheese.
kid- / kid- [hnd,rom] = to collect.
klass / klass [gaj,hnd,rom,srb] = class.
khani, hani / xani [hnd,rom] , xu = water well.
kher / kher [hnd,rom] = house.
khel- / khel- [hnd,rom] = to play, dance.
khuv- / khuv- [hnd,rom] = to prick, penetrate.
kher / kher [hnd,rom], gher, ghar, greh, geh, = house, home
kham / kham [skt,hnd,rom] gham = sun.
khabni / khabni [hnd,rom], gabhan [pkt], gabhni, = pregnant.
khaniya / kiyani [per,rom,srb] murgi, kokoshki, kukri [skt, hnd] = hen.
kin- / kin- [hnd,rom] = to buy, purchase.
klass / klass [gaj,eng,hnd,rom,srb] = class.
kombo / kombo [srb,rom] = knot.
kobar / kitni [hnd,rom] keti, sode, kizom, kobar = howmany, howmuch.
korkoro / kolkoro [hnd,rom] = alone.
kon / kon [hnd,rom] = who.
koslardi / khoslarni [hnd,rom,srb] = pencil sharpener, whiper.
kotor / kotor, kator, kiter [hnd,rom] = piece of cloth, a patch.
krango / kringo [hnd,rom] = small off-shoot of a branch of a tree.
krokodili / krokodilo [gaj,srb,rom] = crocodile.
kuduni / kuduni [gaj,rom,srb], ghanti, [hnd] = bell.
laj / laj [pkt,hnd,rom] = shame.
laqho, lachho, / lachho [pkt,hnd,rom] la8o = good.
le- / le- [hnd,rom] = take.
lekha / [ik] rekh [hnd,rom] lakiir, liik = line.
[but] rekha, lakiira, liika = lines.
len / len [hnd,rom] nal, nadi, darya, daryao, daria, dariya, = river.
loshar- / loshar- [hnd,rom] = to make happy.
loshalo / loshalo [ hnd,rom] = happy.
lolo, loli / lolo, loli [hnd,rom] = red.
loshalo / loshalo [hnd,rom] = happy.
loko / loko [skt,hnd,rom] lokho, lokho, laghu = small.
lovo / lovo [gaj,rom,srb] = coin.
lugo / lunguno [hnd,rom] = long.
lugipe / lungunipe [hnd,rom] = length.
harno / tikno [hnd,rom] = small, short.
harnipe / tiknipe [hnd,rom] = smallness,shortness.
luludi / luludi [gaj,rom,srb], guldudi [per,hnd] = a flower.
makh / makh [hnd,rom] = fly.
makh- / makh- [hnd,rom] = to apply paste, ointment.
maro / manro [hnd,rom] mando, maro, mann, minna = bread.
mas / mas [hnd,rom] = flesh.
masa / mez [per,hnd,rom,srb] , tebal = table.
manush / manush [skt,hnd,rom] = man.
manushni / manushni [ skt,hnd,rom] = woman.
maqho, machho / ma8o, machho [hnd,rom] machhi = fish.
mal, umal / mal, mali [hnd,rom] = field.
ma / ma [skt,hnd,rom] = don’t.
ma ker / ma ker [hnd,rom] = don’t do.
mang- / mang- [hnd,rom] = to demand , to beg.
mashkar / mashkar [hnd,rom] = in middle, in between.
mel / mel [skt,hnd,rom] = dirt.
melalo / melalo [skt,hnd,rom] = dirty.
merdivenya / nardvan [ per, hnd,rom] = ladder.
miro / mero [hnd,rom] miro, muro, moro, mro, mo = my, mine.
mo / mo [hnd,rom] = my, mine.
mothov- / mothov- [gaj,rom,srb] = to speak, talk.
momely / momeli [ per,hnd,rom] = candle, lamp.
muso /muso [skt,per,hnd,rom] = mouse.
mura / mura [gaj,srb] = strawberry.
muklo / muklo [hnd,rom] mukhlo, meklo = finished, released.
mulo / mulo [hnd,rom] = dead.
muy / mui [hnd,rom] = mouth, face.
muzika / muzika [per,gaj,rom,srb] = music.
na / na, ni [hnd,rom] = no.
nacia / nasion [gaj,rom.srb] = nation.
nai / nai [hnd,rom] = is not, are not.
niamo / niamo [per,rom,srb], parivaar [skt,hnd] famliya [gaj] = family.
nak / nak [hnd,rom] nakh = nose.
nakh- / nakh- [hnd,rom] = to pass.
naranji / naranji , narangi [per,hnd,rom] = orange.
nash- / nash- [hnd,rom] = to run away.
( prast- / prast- [skt,hnd,rom] = to run ).
nashavdilo / nashavdo [hnd,rom], nashtavdo [skt,hnd,rom] = lost.
nashti / nashti [skt,per, rom,srb] na-asti , na-ashti [hnd] = can not.
nani / nane [hnd,rom] = is not, are not.
nino / nino [hnd,rom] = male child.
nina / nini, nina [hnd,rom] = female child.
nikl- / nikl- [hnd,rom] = to come out.
nikal- / nikal- = cause to bring out, to subtract.
niamo / parivaar [skt], niamo [per], familiya [gaj] = family.
ningar-/ ninger-,anger-,inger-,leger-[rom], lejav- [hnd,rom] = to carry.
nivo / nevo [hnd,rom], neyo, navon, navan, nutan, novan [skt,hnd] = new.
numay / kintu [skt], ama [per], numa, numai, ne [ga3] = but.
nula / ziro[gaj,hnd,rom,srb], sifir [arb,hnd,rom] , shunnya [skt] = zero
odoleske / odoleske [rom,srb] = therefore.
opre, upre / opre, upre [hnd,rom] = up, above.
opral, upral / opral [hnd,rom] upral = from above.
ov / vo [hnd,rom] = he.
oy / voi [rom,srb] = she.
ovol / avel [hnd,rom] = to come, become.
oxto / oxto [gaj,rom,srb], asht [skt], ath [hnd] = 8, eight.
pand- / phand- [hnd,rom] = to bind, to tie.
panda / panda [rom,srb] = still.
panlturya / pantalun [per, hnd,rom] = pents, trousers.
paparuga / paparuga [gaj,rom,srb], titli, pathni [hnd] = butter-fly.
papro / pipro [gaj,hnd,rom] pipri, piplo,pipli, pepro, pepri [hnd]= pepper.
patrin / patri [hnd,rom] patrin , patro, patto, patr, pattar [hnd] = leaf.
papo / papo, dad [hnd,rom] = father.
pani / pani [hnd,rom] = water.
paniyar- / paniar- [hnd,rom] = to water.
paliker- / pariker- [hnd,rom] = to thank.
pashliar- / pashliav- [hnd,rom] = to liedown.
pashar- / pashar- [hnd,rom] = to make near.
pelo / pelo [hnd,rom] = fallen down.
petalo / petalo [hnd,rom], petal = horse shoe.
pe / pe [hnd,rom], pa, po, pi, pre = on, at .
phak / phak [hnd,rom] = wing.
phal / phal [hnd,rom] = wooden board , plank.
phral /phral [hnd,rom,srb],bhratr,bhrat,bhral,bhrol,bhra[hnd]= brother.
phen / phen, bhen [hnd,rom] = sister.
pher- / pher-, bher- [hnd,rom] = to fill.
phanlo / phandlo [hnd,rom] = tied, bound.
phurd / phurd [hnd,rom] pul, pard = bridge.
phuv / phuv [hnd,rom], phu, pu, bhumi, bhum, bhu, bom = earth.
phabai / phabai [hnd,rom] bhabai, babai = apple.
phiko / phiko [hnd,rom] = shoulder.
phir- / phir- [hnd,rom] = to roam about.
phuro / phuro [hnd,rom] = an old male living being.
phuri / phuri [hnd,rom] = an old female living being.
purano / purano [hnd,rom] = an old in time male non-living thing.
purani / purani [hnd,rom] = an old in time female non-living thing.
purum / purum [gaj,rom,srb] = onion.
pi- / pi- [hnd,rom] = to drink.
piav- / piav- [hnd,rom] = to cause to drink.
pinjar- / pinjar- [hnd,rom] = to recognize.
pish- / pish- [hnd,rom] = to grind.
portereti / portrait [gaj,hnd,rom] = portrait.
pordo / pherdo [hnd,rom] = filled , full.
pro / piro [hnd,rom] peyr, pirno = foot.
prast- / prast- [skt,rom] = run.
( nash / nash- = to run away ). .
puq-, puch- / puchh- [hnd,rom] pu8- = ask.
purum / purum [gaj,rom,srb] = onion.
putar- / phutar- [hnd,rom] = to open.
pustik / pustik [skt,hnd,rom], pustak, kitab, kniga, knishka, lil = book
rat / rat [skt,hnd,rom] = blood.
rat / raat [skt,hnd,rom] = night.
ray / rai [pkt,hnd,rom] = a chief, lord.
res- / res- [per,hnd,rom,srb] = to receive.
riq , rich / richh[hnd,rom] ri8, rich, rikh, rik = male- bear.
richiya / richhni [hnd,rom] ri8ni, richni, rikhni, rikni = fem- bear.
rig / rig [hnd,rom] dhig = side, direction.
rov- / rov- [hnd,rom] = to weep.
roi / roi [hnd,rom] = big spoon.
rom / rom [skt,rom,srb], ram [skt], lom, dom = a gypsy, a husband.
rukh / rukh [pkt,hnd,rom] = tree.
ruv / ruv [hnd,rom] = he- wolf.
ruvni / ruvni [hnd,rom] = she- wolf.
sako / sako [gaj,rom,srb], herik [hnd,rom] = each, every.
sano / sano [hnd,rom] = thin, slim.
sap / sap [hnd,rom] = male-snake.
sapni / sapni [hnd,rom] = female-snake.
sar / sar [per,hnd,rom] = as, how.
saster / saster [skt,hnd,rom] = iron.
( beyto / sasterari = black smith. )
sahati / sait [per,hnd,rom], saiti, sati = hour, watch, time piece, clock.
sasto / sasto [pkt,hnd,rom], svasth [skt],svasto,suasto, sasto = healthy.
saro, sari, sare / saro, sari, sare [hnd,rom] = all.
? / puro, puri, pure [hnd] = entire, complete.
siklo / sikhlo [hnd,rom] = learned.
sikamno / sikhavno [hnd,rom] sikhamno, guru, ustad, = teacher.
sik- / sikh- [hnd, rom] = to learn.
siklipe / sikhipe [hnd,rom] = learning.
sikav- / sikhav- [hnd, rom] = cause to read, to teach.
siklaripe / sikhavipe [hnd,rom] = teaching.
nivo-siklo / nov-sikho [hnd, rom] = fresh- learner.
sig / shiger [skt,hnd,rom] = quickly.
siyav / asiya [per,hnd,rom] = water mill.
sivri / chukano [hnd,rom], hathori, martolo = hammer.
siv- / siv- [hnd,rom] = to sew.
skamin / kursi [hnd,rom],skamin [gaj,rom,srb] , stulika [gaj] ,
sandli [per,hnd,rom] = chair.
suv / suv, sui [hnd,rom] = needle.
so / so [rom,srb] = what.
sose / soske [rom,srb] = why, what-for.
sov- / sov- [hnd,rom], lindrav- [hnd,rom] = to sleep.
shero / shiro [hnd,rom], siro, shero, shoro = head.
shelo / shelo [hnd,rom] = rope.
shing / shing, sing [hnd,rom] = horn.
shisha / shishi [hnd,rom] , botil = bottle.
shkola / shkola [gaj,rom,hnd] = school.
shosho / shosho [hnd,rom], shoshoi, shasho, shasha = rabbit, hare.
shukar / shukar [hnd,rom] = beautiful
shuko / shuko [hnd,rom] = dry.
shulav- / shulav- [hnd,rom] = to wash, rinse.
shun- / shun- [hnd,rom], sun- = to hear.
shunav- / shunav [hnd,rom] = to narrate to somebody.
shuvlo / shuvlo [hnd,rom] = swelled.
shushipe / svachh-ipen , svachhipe, shujipe [skt,hnd,rom] = cleanliness.
tasviri / tasvir [per,hnd,rom] = picture.
tato / tato [pkt,hnd,rom] = hot.
tahtay / taxtai [gaj,rom,srb] = tumbler.
teharin / tehara [hnd,rom] = tomorrow.
tikno / tikno [hnd,rom] = small, little.
toro / toro [hnd,rom] tero, tiro, turo [hnd,rom] = your.
top / top [trk] , ball[eng] , gola, golo [hnd] = ball.
tover / tover [kurdish,per, hnd,rom] = axe.
topka, golno / golo [hnd] = ball
truyal / trual [hnd,rom] , dual = around.
tuke / tuke [hnd,rom]tuki = to you.
tumaro / tumaro [hnd,rom] = your.
tunel / tunel [gaj, rom,srb], surang [hnd] = tunnel.
than / than [hnd,rom] = place .
ther- / ther- [rom,srb] = to stand.
thov- / thov [hnd,rom] = to wash, keep, place.
thud / thud [hnd,rom] = milk.
thulo / thulo [hnd,rom] = fat, hafty.
thuv / thuv [hnd,rom], dhum, dhun, dhunv, thu = smoke.
uqhali, uchhali / uchhal [hnd,rom] uchhalin, chhaya [skt, hnd] = shadow.
udara / vudara [hnd,rom], vodara, davara, dovara = doors.
ukl- / ukl- [rom,srb] = to climb up.
upre / upre [hnd,rom] = up, above.
ulav- / ulav- [hnd,rom] = to distribute, divide.
usht- / usht- = to get-up.
ushtar- / ushtav- [hnd,rom] = to cause somebody to get-up.
ushar- / ushar-, shar- [hnd,rom] = to praise.
ur-( to fly) / ur- [hnd,rom] = to fly.
ur- (to dress up) / orh- [hnd,rom], or- , od- , odh- = to dress-up, clothe.
urav- / orhav-[hnd,rom] = cause to dress up, clothe somebody.
uravipe / orhavipe, oravipe [hnd,rom] = dressing-up, clothing.
uzo, uzi / ujo, uji [hnd,rom], ujlo, ujli [skt,hnd] = clean.
vai / vai, ya [hnd,rom] = or.
vakar- / vakar- [skt,hnd,rom] = to speak.
vakt / vakt [arb,per,trk,hnd,rom] = time.
varo / varo, aro, arad [per,hnd,rom] = flour.
vash / vash [hnd,rom] = for.
vaso / vaso [skt,hnd,rom] = container.
vast / vast [hnd,rom] = hand.
vastini /[m]hasti, hathi, fiil, piil.[f] hastni, hathni, fiilni [hnd] = elephent.
vrda / vahan [skt, hnd] = van, wagon.
vesh / vesh [per,rom,srb], jangal [skt], jungla [gaj] = jungle.
vosht / vusht, osht, oth, hont [skt, hnd,rom] = lip.
vogi / por, pot, peyt [hnd,rom] = belly.
xani, hani / xani [hnd,rom] = water well.
xabe, habe / xabe [hnd,rom] xape = food.
xino, khino / xino [hnd,rom] khino = tired.
xoli, holi / xoli [gaj,rom,srb] = anger.
yag / yag [skt,hnd,rom], ag , agni [skt,hnd], ogoni [gaj] = fire.
yaro / anro, ando [skt,hnd,rom] = egg.
yekh / yekh, yek, ek, ik [hnd,rom] = one.
yek-avereca / yek-averesa [hnd,rom] = with eachother.
yek-po-yek / yek-pale-yek [hnd,rom] = one after other, one by one.
yilo / yilo , yillo, ilo, illo [per,hnd,rom]= heart
yiv / him, hiv, iv [skt,hnd,rom] = snow.
zero, nula, cifri / ziro [eng], sifir[arb,per,trk,hnd,rom],shunya [skt] = zero.
zebra / zebro [gaj,hnd,rom,srb] = male. Zebra.
zebri / zebri [gaj,hnd,rom,srb] = fem. Zebra.
zorar- / zorar- [per,hnd,rom] = to strengthen.
zor / zor [per,hnd,rom] = strength, power.
zoralo / zoralo [hnd,rom] = strong , powerful.
zumav- / zumav- [gaj,rom,srb], cheshta ker- [skt,hnd], koshish ker-
[per,hnd] = to try.
zumi / zumi [gaj,rom,srb], shorba, chorba [per,trk,hnd,rom], supa [skt] =
soup.
zunzari / sansari [gaj,rom,srb], machhar [hnd] = mosquito.
.
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O Mero vichaaripe / gindipe / pal i teri Pustik Matematika 1 vash funduni shkola
editisarDRChib = drc./ SRBhasha = srb./ English = eng.
Kai sa e nile / bolde / vunate / rangenge alava si e meri upruni-Indiaki Saanji-Romani-Bhashake / Cibake / alava.
Matematika 1 Vash Funduni Shkola :
Komparasiya mashkar e Danimarikaki te Indiaki Saanji-Romani matematikake nishaniande / semnonende.
Himinipe / kidipen = addition.
Himinipe (+) / plus, kidipen (+) .
minus (-) / minus, nikalipen (-) .
Semno / [ik] nishani = sign. [but] nishania = sign, mark, symbol.
Semno plus (+) / nishani plus (+) = plus sign.
Semno minus (-) / nishani minus (-) = minus sign.
yekhlardo semno (=) / yek-samaan-ko, barabarko nishani (=) equal.
nukta, punkta / nukto [arb,per,trk,hnd,rom] , bindu [skt,hnd] = point.
nuktengo / nuktengo = of points
Nula, / ziro, sifri, shunya = zero.
Niqa = ? /
Gindo / aankro [skt,hnd,rom] = figure.
Gindo 1,2,3,- - - / aankro 1,2,3,- - - .
Gindensa / aankrensa = with figures.
Semno- yekhlardo / barabarko nishani, yeksamaan-ko nishani.
Anglal gindo / anglo aankro.
Palal gindo / paluno aankro.
Kedipe / kidipe = addition.
Nikalipe / nikalipen = subtraction.
Relaciya / relasion = relation.
juto / juto, samtal= even.
na juto / ni-juto, ni-samtal = odd.
Lugipe / lungunipe [hnd] = length.
lugo / lunguno [hnd,rom] = long.
lekha /(ik-fem) rekh = line.
(but-fem) rekha. = lines.
Niyam (vorta) / sidho, sidhi, sidhe = straight.
Uqipe / uchipe, unchipe = hight.
Buxlipe / cauraipen = breadth.
Horipe / xoripe, gehraipen = deep, depth.
Horipe ? / tirchhipen = slanting.
Luge-lekha / sidhia-rekha = straight lines.
Harne-lekha / tirchhia-rekha = slanting lines.
Truya / gol chakr = round circle.( gol = round / chakr = circle.).
Suma / sumucha, samast, sampuran, saro [skt] , kul, total [gaj] = total.
? / bango-bingo [pkt,hnd,rom], tedo-medo [hnd] = zigzag.
Lugo ? / thulo = fat, thick, hefty.
sano / sano = thin, slim.
Tang / tang = narrow, tight. Misal: tang- gad / tang-drom / tang-pantalon.
Buxulo / xulo = loose, broad. Misal: xulo- gad / xulo-drom / xulo-pantalon.
Pharipen / pharipen [hnd,rom], bhaar [hnd], vazan [arb,per, hnd] = weight.
Lugo kasht / thulo rukh, kasht [pkt,hnd,rom] = fat, thick, hefty tree.
Putarde / phutarde [hnd,rom] = open.
Phanle / phangle [hnd,rom] = closed.
Ginipe / ginti [skt,hnd,rom] = counting.
Mirinipe / minenipen [hnd,rom] maap = measurement.
Kilo / kilo [hnd,rom] = kilogram.
Litro / litro [hnd,rom] = litter.
Metro / metro [hnd,rom] = metre.
Sekondi / sekond [hnd,rom] = second.
Minuti / minut [hnd,rom] mint = minute.
Sahateya / hora [skt,rom,srb], sait [per,hnd], ghento [hnd] = hour.
dive / dives [skt, hnd,rom] , divos, dive, dies, dis = day.
kurko / kurko [gaj], saptah [skt], sapta. haftah, hafta [per] = week.
qon, chon / chon,chhon[gaj],masiek, mas, mah, mash,mihno[hnd] = month.
bersh / bersh, bers [skt, hnd] , saal [per, hnd] = year.
? / shel-avdi [skt,hnd,rom], vik, shat-avdi [skt, hnd] = century.
Yekhlardo, si yekh / si barabar , iksaar = is equal.
Myazipe / meazolipe [gaj], ik-samaan [skt,hnd], ik-jeso [hnd] = same.
Matematika / ginitko [skt,hnd,rom],hisab[arb,hnd,rom] = mathematics.
Gindo / aankro = number.
Figura / figur [gaj,hnd,rom] = figure.
Umalin / mal, mali [hnd, rom] = field.
Gav / gav [hnd,rom] = village,
Diz / shehir, nagari, kasbo, diz, foro = city.
? / ilako [per,hnd, rom] = a big area of land or region.
Them / them [hnd], deysh [skt,hnd], mulk [arb,per,trk,hnd] = country.
? / kontinent [gaj,srb] = continent.
Phuv / bhumi, bhum, bhuv, phuv, phu, pu [skt],duniya [per,hnd] = earth.
( skt : bhumi< bhum< bhuv < phuv < phu < pu = earth ).
Rig / rig , dhig [hnd,rom] = side, direction.
Thulo / thulo [hnd,rom] = hefty, fat.
Sano / sano [hnd,rom] = thin, slim.
Baro / baro [hnd,rom] = big.
Tikno / tikno [hnd,rom] = small, little.
Buxlo / buxlo[hnd,rom]chauro [hnd] = broad, open space.
Tang / tang [hnd,rom] = tight, narrow.
Misal : tang gad = tight shirt. Tang drom = narrow road.
Pashe / pashe [hnd,rom] = near by.
Dur /dur [hnd,rom] = far.
Anglal / anglal [hnd,rom] = in front, before.
Palal / palal [hnd,rom] = at back, behind.
Mashkar / mashkar [hnd,rom] = in between, in middle, in center.
Lekha /(ik) rekh, lakiir, liik = line. /(but) rekha, lakiira, liika = lines.
Lugo- kasht ? / thulo Rukh, kasht = thick tree.,
Harno- kasht ? / sano- kasht , sano- rukh = thin,slim tree.
Tele / tele [hnd,rom] = below, down.
Telal / telal [hnd,rom] = from below, down.
Upre / upre [hnd,rom] opre = up.
Upral / upral [hnd,rom] = from above, top.
Ano / ano, ani, ande, andar [hnd,rom] = in, inside.
Andral / andral [hnd,rom] = from inside.
Avrial / avrial [hnd,rom] = from outside.
Boye, kolorya / rang [skt,per, hnd,rom] ,renk [trk] , kolor [gaj] = colour.
Kalo / kalo [hnd,rom] = black
Parno / parno [hnd,rom] = white.
Galbeno / piilo [hnd], galbino [gaj] = yellow.
Haryalo, zeleno / haro [hnd,rom], zeleno [gaj,rom] = green.
Misal: haro rukh = green tree / hari chirikli = green bird.
lolo / lolo [hnd,rom] = red.
Boldo / nilo [hnd], vunato [gaj,rom] = blue
Kahvey-alo / kahvei [per,hnd,rom] = coffee colour.
? / melexo [hnd,srb,rom] = dusky.
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Matematika 1 Vash Funduni Shkola :
1. trinehinzuno / trikon. = traiangle.
2. kvadrati / chakor = square.
3. yekhlardo / samaan [skt,hnd], barabar [per,hnd,rom] = equal.
4. hinz / kono, kon, kuna, kuun, kunj, xunj, xunjo = corner.
5. shtare hinzuno / shtarxunji = rectangle.
6. panje hinzuno / panjkon.
7. shove hinzuno / shovkon.
8. oxto hinzuno / oxtokon.
9. ? / gol = round.
10. ? / gol-matol = roly-poly , chubby
11. truy / gol chakkar, dairo = round circle.
12. kubi / kubi , kiub = cube
13. silindri / silinder = cylinder.
14. prizma / prizm = prism.
15. piramida / piramid = pyramid.
16. koni / kon = cone.
17. myazipe / samanipe, barabaripe = equalness, similarity.
18. bango drom / bango drom = bending, winding road.
19. niyam / sidho = straight.
20. niyam-lekha / [ik] sidhi rekh = [singular] Straight-line.
21. [but] sidhia rekha = [plural] straight lines.
22. putardo / phutardo [hnd,rom] = opened.
23. phanlo / phandlo [hnd,rom] = closed.
< tikneder / tikneder [hnd,rom] = smaller.
> bareder / bareder [hnd,rom] = bigger.
Semno / nishani [per,hnd,srb] = sign.
grupa, kupa / grup, grupo [gaj,hnd,rom] = group.
Ginti / counting :
1 yekh / yekh, yek, ek, ik.
2 duy / dui, dova, du, do.
3 trin / trin, tre, troun, tin, tiin.
4 shtar / shtar, chtar[skt], chahaar [per], chaar [hnd].
5 panj / panj [hnd], panch [skt], paanch[hnd].
6 shov / shov, shav [skt], shey, chhe [hnd], shash [per].
7 efta / efta, sapt [skt], sat [hnd], haft [per,hnd].
8 ohto / oxto, asht [skt], ath, aath [hnd].
9 inya / inya, enya, inia, enia, nva, nao.
10 desh / desh, dash [skt], das [hnd], dah [per].
11 desh-u-yekh / desh-u-ik.
12 desh-u-duy / desh-u-dui.
19 desh-u-inya / desh-u-inya.
20 bish / bish.
21 bish-ta-yekh / bish-ta-ik.
30 triyanda / trianda, trih, tiish, tiis, trin-var-desh.
31 triyanda-ta-ik / trianda-ta-ik.
40 saranda / saranda , chalis, chali, chaar-var-desh [hnd].
50 pinda / panja [hnd] , pachaas, panj-var-desh [hnd].
60 shov-var-desh / shov-var-desh. Chhe-var-desh [hnd] .
70 efta-var-desh / efta-var-desh. Sat-var-desh [hnd] .
80 ohto-var-desh / oxto-var-desh, ath-var-desh [hnd].
90 inya-var-desh / enya-var-desh, naun-var-desh [hnd].
100 shel /shel, shal [hnd],shat[skt],sad[per],hath,sao,so,sho [hnd].
10000 ezer / ezer, sahasar [skt], hazaar [per,hnd], desh-var-sao.
Milion. miliono / miliono.
Billion. biliono / biliono.
Trillion. triliono / triliono.
14 panjtonai 2008 16:02 (UTC)